Notes to Daniel Gordon's review
1. Robert R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2 vols. 1959-1964).
2. M. Sukru Hanioglu, The Young Turks in Opposition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, esp. Chapter 9, pp. 200-212.
3. For example, Mann writes that the framers of the American Constitution "did not want to include white men who lacked property" (56). But in 1787, most of the American states did not have property qualifications for the electors of the state legislatures. At the convention, James Wilson observed that it would be improper to permit a person to vote for representatives in the state legislature and to exclude the same person from a vote for those in the national legislature. Benjamin Franklin also spoke against all property qualifications. In the end, the federal Constitution did not impose any property qualifications upon white men for exercising the franchise. (See James Madison, Notes of Debates in The Federal Convention of 1787 (New Tork: W.W. Norton, 1966; pp. 400-405, August 7, 1787.) Also, the process by which the Constitution was ratified involved electing special state ratifying conventions in which the property qualifications were lifted even in those states that had property restrictions for the state legislature.
4. Steven T. Katz, “The Uniqueness of the Holocaust,” in Is the Holocaust Unique? Perspectives on Comparative Genocide, ed. Allan S. Rosenbaum, Boulder: Westview Press, 1996, pp.21-22.
5. "Toleration", in Philosophical Dictionary, Penguin, 1972, p. 390.
6. Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York : Harper Collins, 1992.
Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New Yorl: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.
Notes to Michael Mann's reply
7. I also do say that Ottoman perpetrators were probably also disproportionately recruited from refugees and threatened borders. More recent research has confirmed my suggestion – and indeed my arguments in general. See various essays in the forthcoming collection A Question of Genocide, 1915: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire, ed. Ronald Suny and Fatma Müge Göçek (Oxford University Press). I could find little evidence on the backgrounds of communist perpetrators, though I would not expect to find that they would be refugees or from threatened borders, since borders are not so relevant to those motivated by class.
